When reviewing financial statements, most investors would agree that properly evaluating equity method investments for impairment is essential.
By fully understanding the impairment testing process and leveraging best practices, companies can accurately assess investment value and make strategic decisions.
In this article, we will define equity method investments, explain the rationale for impairment testing, outline the step-by-step testing methodology, and provide recommendations to integrate effective impairment monitoring.
Introduction to Equity Method Investments and Impairment Testing
Equity method investments refer to investments made in an associate company or joint venture, where the investing company can exert significant influence but does not have a controlling stake. These investments are accounted for using the equity method rather than fair value accounting.
Impairment testing requires periodically assessing equity method investments to determine if their carrying value on the balance sheet exceeds their recoverable amount. Impairment occurs when an investment's net realizable value declines below its carrying value.
Regular impairment testing is crucial for protecting the integrity of the balance sheet and avoiding an overstatement of assets, income, and equity in relation to equity method investees.
Defining Equity Method Investments
The equity method is an accounting approach for valuing certain investments:
- Used when an investor has significant influence over the investee, but does not control it
- The investment is initially recorded at cost
- The carrying value is later adjusted up or down to recognize the investor's share of the investee's profits or losses
- The investor's profit/loss reflects their share of the investee's performance
Key details about equity method accounting:
- Applies to investments with 20-50% ownership of common stock or in-substance common stock
- Investor claims its share of investee income/loss and adjusts the carrying value accordingly
- Investor's share of investee dividends reduces the carrying value
- Investor recognizes its share of other comprehensive income as well
Understanding Asset Impairment
Asset impairment refers to an abrupt decrease in the recoverable amount of an asset relative to its carrying value on the balance sheet.
Impairment testing determines whether investment assets have become impaired by comparing their recoverable value to carrying value.
Common reasons for impairment include:
- Investee financial problems or bankruptcy
- Investee makes large losses
- Negative investee cash flows
- Investee management concerns or scandals
- Investee loss of major customers
- Breaches of debt covenants by investee
If impairment exists, the carrying value must be written-down to the recoverable value via an impairment charge.
Importance of Impairment Testing for Equity Method Investments
Regular impairment reviews of equity method investments are vital for:
- Catching early warning signs of investee financial troubles
- Avoiding an overstatement of balance sheet assets
- Preventing an overstatement of investor income from investees
- Maintaining accurate financial reporting and metrics tied to investment performance
- Adhering to accounting standards for impairment (IAS 28 & 36, ASC 323)
In summary, consistent impairment testing protects balance sheet integrity and helps ensure investments are not overvalued. This provides stakeholders with an accurate picture of the business's financial standing.
How do you test for impairment of investment?
To test for impairment of an equity method investment, the following steps should be taken:
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Compare the carrying amount of the investment to its fair value. The fair value can be determined using valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows or earnings multiples.
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If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, calculate the difference. This difference indicates there may be an impairment.
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Calculate the investment's recoverable amount. This is the higher of the investment's fair value less costs to sell OR the present value of expected future cash flows from the investment.
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Compare the recoverable amount to the carrying amount. If the recoverable amount is below the carrying amount, there is impairment.
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Record an impairment loss for the difference between the recoverable amount and carrying amount. This loss reduces the investment's carrying value on the balance sheet and is recorded as an expense on the income statement.
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Disclose details of the impairment calculation, assumptions made, and the amount of impairment loss in the financial statement notes.
Key things to remember:
- Impairment testing involves comparing carrying values to fair values and recoverable amounts
- Assumptions and estimates are made when determining values
- Impairment losses immediately impact net income and equity
- Details of impairment calculations should be properly disclosed
How are investments measured using the equity method?
The equity method is used to account for investments in associates or joint ventures. Under this method, the investment is initially recognized at cost on the balance sheet.
The carrying amount of the investment is then adjusted to recognize the investor's share of the profits or losses of the investee after the acquisition date. Specifically:
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The investor's share of the investee's post-acquisition profits increases the carrying amount of the investment. This is recognized as income in the investor's income statement.
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The investor's share of the investee's post-acquisition losses decreases the carrying amount of the investment. Losses in excess of the carrying amount are not recognized unless the investor has an obligation to provide further financial support to the investee.
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Distributions received from the investee reduce the carrying amount of the investment.
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Adjustments are also made for changes in the investee’s equity that have not been included in the income statement, such as items of other comprehensive income.
The equity method enables the investor to recognize its share of the profits and losses of the investee. This reflects the underlying economics of the investment since the investor has an interest in the associate's or joint venture’s performance.
The carrying amount of the investment based on the equity method approximates the investor's underlying equity in the net assets of the investee. As such, the equity method provides more useful information than simply accounting for the investment at cost.
What is the equity method of investments?
The equity method is an accounting technique used to value an investor's stake in an associate company, where the investor owns 20-50% of the voting shares.
Under the equity method, the initial investment is recorded at cost on the investor's books. Subsequently, the carrying amount of the investment is adjusted to recognize the investor's share of the associate's profits or losses after the acquisition date.
For example, if an investor owns 30% of an associate and the associate reports $100,000 of net income for the year, the investor would increase the carrying amount of its investment by $30,000 (30% of $100,000) on its books and recognize that amount as its share of the investee's income.
The equity method serves as a middle ground between consolidating the associate's financials (for majority-owned subsidiaries) and valuing the investment purely at cost (for minor investments below 20%). It reflects the significant influence the investor has over the investee through its equity stake.
Key things to know:
- Applies to 20-50% stake investments
- Investment initially recorded at cost
- Carrying value adjusted periodically to reflect investor's share of associate's earnings
- Reflects significant influence over investee operations
What is the equity method of ASC 323?
The equity method is an accounting technique used by investors to account for investments in associates and joint ventures. Under the equity method, the investment is initially recorded at cost and is then adjusted periodically to reflect the investor's share of the investee's profits or losses.
The key points of the equity method under ASC 323 are:
- The investor's share of the investee's profits increases the investment (assets) and earnings (equity)
- The investor's share of the investee's losses decreases the investment (assets) and earnings (equity)
- Investments are tested for impairment periodically and written down if necessary
- The equity method investment is reported on the balance sheet as a single amount, not itemized
- The investor's share of the investee's earnings shows up as a single line item on the income statement
So in summary, the equity method allows the investor to record its share of the earnings and losses of the investee in its financial statements. The investment balance on the balance sheet is adjusted up and down each period to reflect this.
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Identifying the Need for Impairment of Investment in Associate
Equity method investments must be tested for impairment when certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may no longer be recoverable. Some key indicators that may prompt impairment testing include:
Indicators of Possible Equity Method Investment Impairment
- A significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the investment below its carrying amount
- Loss of significant contracts, customers, or business relationships by the associate
- Negative developments in the associate's industry or geographic area of operations
- Changes in laws, regulations, or policies that adversely impact the associate's ability to generate profits or cash flows
- Evidence that the carrying amount of the net investment in the associate may not be recoverable
IAS 28 Equity Method: Requirements for Impairment Testing
Under IAS 28, an entity is required to test an equity method investment for impairment if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more loss events that occurred after initial recognition. IAS 28 also requires impairment testing if the associate ceases to be an associate even though the investor retains an investment in the former associate.
Adhering to US GAAP Requirements for Impairment Testing
Per ASC 323, investors should evaluate equity method investments for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may exceed fair value. Impairment indicators under US GAAP include operating losses, negative cash flows, working capital deficiencies, etc. If impairment indicators are present, an impairment test must be performed by comparing carrying value to fair value.
Equity Method Investment Impairment Testing Process
This section provides a step-by-step overview of the equity method investment impairment testing process.
Step 1: Identify Indicators of Impairment
Review financial statements, contracts, market factors, and status of the associate entity for signs that the investment's carrying value may not be recoverable. Some indicators of impairment include:
- Significant or prolonged declines in the fair value of the investment below its carrying value
- Poor or deteriorating financial performance of the associate, such as consecutive losses or negative cash flows
- Loss of an active market for the investment due to financial difficulties of the associate
- Breach of contracts or default on obligations by the associate that impact expected cash flows
- Changes in laws, regulations, or technologies that adversely impact the associate's business model and operations
Carefully assess if these events and changes could diminish the value of the equity investment.
Step 2: Estimate Recoverable Value
If impairment indicators are identified, estimate the recoverable value of the investment based on the higher of:
- Value in use: Present value of expected future cash flows from the investment using discounted cash flow models and reasonable assumptions
- Fair value less costs to sell: Market price or appraised value of the investment based on an orderly transaction between knowledgeable parties
Compare the recoverable value to the investment's current carrying value on the books.
Step 3: Recognize and Measure Impairment Loss
If the recoverable value is below the investment's carrying amount, recognize an impairment by reducing the carrying value to the recoverable value. The difference is recorded as an impairment loss in the income statement.
For equity method investments, total impairment losses should not exceed the total carrying value of the investment. Even if the associate entity reports further losses, additional impairment by the investor is limited to the remaining carrying value of the investor's investment.
Regularly review investments for impairment indicators and test for impairment to reflect diminutions in investment value on a timely basis. Provide proper disclosures of impairment testing, key assumptions, and recognized impairment losses.
Best Practices for Equity Method Investment Impairment Testing
Equity method investments can be complex to monitor and test for impairment. By establishing efficient processes, companies can simplify compliance while safeguarding financial reporting quality.
Automating Monitoring for Impairment Triggers
Setting up automated alerts for common impairment triggers can help streamline testing workflows. Useful alerts may include:
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Financial metric changes: Alerts for equity investment net losses, declines in revenue/profits, or changes in credit ratings.
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Contract losses: Alerts when an investee loses a major customer or contract.
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Industry/market factors: Alerts around negative industry/economic trends that may indicate impairment.
Automated monitoring gives more time to perform impairment procedures rather than manually tracking a multitude of factors.
Developing Templates for Recoverability Analysis
Standardizing discounted cash flow, comparative company, and other valuation models makes the recoverability analysis process more efficient.
Useful templates may cover:
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Valuation methodologies: Standard discounted cash flow models, trading comparables, precedent transaction comps prepared.
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Value driver trees: Templates estimating how various financial/operational drivers impact valuation.
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Impairment decision trees: Flowcharts outlining the order of impairment testing procedures.
With standardized templates, analysts spend less time structuring analysis and more time performing procedures tailored to each investment.
Understanding Equity Method Investment Impairment Disclosure
As reporting standards evolve, keeping up with the latest disclosure rules for impaired investments becomes vital. Useful practices include:
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Monitoring standard-setter updates from the FASB, IASB, and SEC for disclosure rule changes.
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Establishing internal policies and procedures governing disclosures of impaired investments.
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Receiving continuing education on disclosure best practices from auditors and advisory firms.
With the right knowledge and protocols, organizations can ensure their financial reporting properly reflects impaired equity method investments as standards change.
Recording and Disclosing Impairment of Investment in Subsidiary
This section explains how to record impairment expenses and adjust investments on the financial statements, specifically for subsidiaries.
Accounting for Impairment of Investment in Subsidiary in Consolidation
When a parent company determines that an investment in a subsidiary has become impaired, accounting rules require recording this impairment on the consolidated financial statements. Specifically:
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An impairment loss is recognized as an expense on the consolidated income statement. This reduces net income for the period.
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The carrying amount of the investment in the subsidiary on the consolidated balance sheet is reduced by the same amount.
For example, if an investment in a subsidiary with a $1 million carrying amount was determined to be impaired by $200,000, the parent company would record a $200,000 impairment loss to the income statement. The investment balance would then be reduced to $800,000 on the balance sheet.
Impairment of Investment in Subsidiary: Double Entry Accounting
The double entry accounting for recording an impairment of an investment in subsidiary is as follows:
Debit: Impairment Loss Expense
Credit: Investment in Subsidiary
When an impairment loss is recognized and the investment written down, prior impairment losses may be reversed in future periods if certain conditions are met. However, the carrying amount cannot be increased above the amount that would have existed had the earlier impairments not been recorded. Any reversal of impairment losses is credited to comprehensive income rather than net income.
Equity Method Investment Impairment Disclosure Requirements
For material impairments of investments in subsidiaries accounted for under the equity method, certain disclosures are required surrounding the impairment calculation, timing, and future projections. Common disclosure requirements include:
- The amount of impairment loss recognized during the period
- The level within the organization that determined the investment was impaired
- The valuation method(s) used to measure the impairment
- Key assumptions and projections used in estimating recoverable value
- Sensitivity analysis of changes in key assumptions
Properly recording impairments and providing necessary disclosures surrounding equity method investments provides transparency for financial statement users regarding changes in the status of material subsidiary investments.
Conclusion and Key Takeaways on Equity Method Investment Impairment
In summary, properly testing and recording impairment losses on equity method investments is vital for financial reporting accuracy and operational visibility.
Why Routine Impairment Testing is Essential
Routine impairment testing protects the integrity of the balance sheet by ensuring assets are not overvalued. By comparing the investment's recoverable value to its carrying value at least annually, companies can identify and measure any impairment losses accurately. This avoids inflating earnings and equity over multiple reporting periods. It also provides transparency into underperforming associate investments, allowing for timely strategic and operational changes.
Mastering the Step-by-Step Testing Process
Conducting thorough impairment tests involves:
- Identifying triggers like sustained losses, credit downgrades, or adverse economic changes that indicate impairment may exist
- Quantifying the investment's recoverable value using discounted cash flow models or other valuation methods
- Comparing the recoverable value to the investment's current carrying value
- Recording any impairment loss as the difference between the carrying and recoverable values
By institutionalizing these steps and applying them consistently, finance teams can ensure investment balances reflect economic reality.
Leveraging Impairment Data Strategically
In addition to meeting accounting compliance needs, impairment test findings offer strategic insights. Management can analyze patterns and trends in impairment losses across associates to guide investment decisions, associate relations, and performance improvement initiatives. Overall, routinely testing and recording equity method investment impairments leads to financial statements that better reflect actual asset values.
