Readers likely agree that the distinctions between various types of leases can be confusing.
This article clearly defines what is an operating lease, including key traits like flexibility and accounting treatment, to help clarify the meaning and applications of this useful financial tool.
Through examples and comparisons to capital and finance leases, you'll gain an understanding of operating leases, their structure, common uses, and how they impact financial reporting.
Introduction to Operating Leases
Defining an Operating Lease
An operating lease is a contract allowing the lessee (the party leasing the asset) to use an asset owned by the lessor for a set time period in exchange for periodic rental payments, without acquiring ownership or title to the asset. Operating leases tend to be shorter-term than finance leases.
Some key characteristics of operating leases include:
- The lessor retains ownership of the asset
- Lease terms are generally shorter, often less than the useful life of the asset
- Payments are considered operating expenses rather than capital expenses
- Assets leased under an operating lease are kept off the lessee's balance sheet
Operating leases provide flexibility since the lessee is not tied to owning the asset after the lease period ends.
Operating Lease vs Finance Lease: A Comparison
The main differences between operating and finance leases include:
- Ownership: With an operating lease, the lessor retains ownership of the asset. With a finance lease, ownership of the asset transfers to the lessee at the end of the lease term.
- Lease Term: Operating leases usually have shorter lease terms than finance leases.
- Accounting Treatment: Operating lease payments are expensed on the income statement. Finance leases are capitalized on the balance sheet.
- Risks and Rewards: With an operating lease, the lessor assumes more of the risks and rewards of ownership. With a finance lease, the risks and rewards transfer to the lessee.
So in summary, operating leases allow the use of an asset without taking on ownership, while finance leases eventually transfer asset ownership to the lessee.
Benefits of Operating Leases
Some potential benefits of operating leases include:
- Preserving Capital: Because operating lease payments are expensed rather than capitalized, lessees can preserve capital for other business needs.
- Flexibility: Operating leases allow more flexibility since the lessee is not tied to owning the asset after the lease ends. This provides more options to upgrade equipment.
- Predictable Payments: Regular operating lease payments are predictable expenses that help with budgeting and cash flow management.
- Off-Balance Sheet: Keeping leased assets off the balance sheet can improve financial ratios.
However, operating leases also have drawbacks like lack of ownership and less favorable tax treatment. Companies should weigh the pros and cons when deciding between an operating lease and other financing options.
What is the meaning of operating lease?
An operating lease is a contract that allows a business to use an asset without taking ownership of it. The lessor retains ownership and is responsible for maintenance, insurance, and taxes on the asset. At the end of the lease term, the asset is returned to the lessor.
Key characteristics of an operating lease include:
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No transfer of ownership: The lessee does not gain ownership of the asset at the end of the lease. The lessor retains ownership.
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Shorter lease term: Operating leases usually have a shorter term compared to finance leases, spanning from 1 to 5 years.
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Lower periodic payments: Since the lessee does not gain ownership, payments are generally lower than finance lease payments covering just the use of the asset.
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Lessor bears risk: The lessor bears risks related to the residual value of the asset. The lessee can simply return the asset at the end of the lease if no longer needed.
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Off-balance sheet: Operating leases create off-balance sheet financing for the lessee. The leased asset and liability do not show up on the lessee's balance sheet.
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Lease expenses: Rental payments are recorded as operating expenses in the income statement reducing the lessee's profit.
Key differences from a finance lease:
- A finance lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee at the end of the lease term.
- The lessee bears the risks related to the residual value of the leased asset.
- The leased asset shows up on the lessee's balance sheet as a noncurrent asset, along with the lease liability.
In summary, operating leases provide the use of an asset without transfer of ownership, while finance leases ultimately transfer asset ownership to the end user.
What is an example of an operating lease?
An example of what might be classified as an operating lease would be the lease of a car for 2 years as part of a fleet because the service life of the car will extend well beyond the term of the lease.
Since operating leases are typically short term, they allow companies to access vehicles, equipment, or real estate without having to make large capital expenditures. Operating leases also provide more flexibility since they are easier to get out of.
Here's an example of how a company might use an operating lease for vehicles:
- A delivery company needs to lease 10 new delivery vans
- They find a leasing company that will lease the vans for 2 years
- The lease payments cover maintenance, insurance, etc so the delivery company doesn't have to worry about any extra costs
- After 2 years, the vans still have substantial service life left but the delivery company opts to lease 10 newer vans
- This allows them to have a modern, reliable fleet without large upfront investments
In this example, the 2 year lease term is short compared to the useful life of the vehicles. This flexibility and lower commitment is what characterizes an operating lease. It allows the company to get the vehicles they need without taking on as much risk or capital expenditure.
Is operating lease the same as rent?
An operating lease is similar to renting in that the lessee (tenant) acquires the right to use an asset for a period of time without owning it. However, operating leases have specific accounting and financial reporting requirements under accounting standards like ASC 842 that differ from typical rental agreements.
Some key differences between operating leases and rentals:
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Accounting Treatment: Operating leases impact financial statements differently than regular rentals. Under ASC 842, operating leases create "right-of-use" assets and liabilities on the balance sheet.
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Lease Term: Operating lease terms tend to be longer (over 12 months) compared to rentals. Short term leases may qualify for exemptions.
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Contract Terms: Operating leases contain detailed provisions about payments, options, asset return conditions etc. Rentals are typically more informal.
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Asset Types: Operating leases apply to major assets like property, vehicles, equipment etc. Rentals may cover smaller assets.
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Ownership: The lessor owns the asset in an operating lease. The lessee does not gain ownership rights by the end of the lease except through a bargain purchase option.
So in summary, operating leases are a specialized form of rental agreement that require specific accounting treatment and contain formal terms on major asset leases. They provide the lessee usage rights to assets they do not own. Understanding the precise definition per ASC 842 is key to proper lease classification and accounting.
What is one difference between a financial lease and an operating lease?
One key difference between a financial lease and an operating lease is the option to purchase the leased asset.
In a financial lease, there is often a bargain purchase option or automatic transfer of ownership at the end of the lease term. This means the lessee can purchase the leased asset for a nominal amount at the end of the lease.
In contrast, an operating lease does not contain a bargain purchase option. The lessee has the option to return the leased asset at the end of the lease term. Ownership of the asset remains with the lessor.
So in summary:
- Financial leases contain a bargain purchase option to buy the leased asset.
- Operating leases allow the lessee to return the leased asset at the end of the lease without a purchase option.
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Accounting Treatment and Journal Entries
Lessors - Operating Lease Accounting
From the lessor's perspective under an operating lease, the underlying asset remains on the balance sheet and is not derecognized. The lessor recognizes lease income on a straight-line basis over the lease term, regardless of the timing of actual rental receipts. Operating lease assets are tested periodically for impairment.
Typical journal entries for the lessor include:
- Rental income
- Dr. Cash
- Cr. Rental income
- Straight-line rental income adjustment (if necessary)
- Impairment loss (if necessary)
Lessees - Operating Lease Accounting Under IFRS 16
Under IFRS 16, lessees now recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for most leases. At lease commencement, the lessee records a right-of-use asset and lease liability based on the present value of future lease payments.
The right-of-use asset is amortized over the shorter of the asset's useful life or the lease term. The lease liability is increased for interest and reduced by lease payments. This leads to a front-loaded expense recognition pattern.
Typical journal entries include:
- Initial recognition of right-of-use asset & lease liability
- Monthly amortization expense
- Interest expense on lease liability
- Lease payments reducing liability
- Impairments
Operating Lease Journal Entries Explained
Common operating lease journal entries under IFRS 16 include:
Lease commencement Dr. Right-of-use asset Cr. Lease liability
Monthly rental accrual
Dr. Lease expense
Cr. Lease liability
Rental payment Dr. Lease liability Cr. Cash
Adjustments Dr/Cr. Lease liability Dr/Cr. Right-of-use asset
Impairment
Dr. Impairment loss
Cr. Right-of-use asset
Operating Lease Considerations
Key considerations around operating leases include term length, asset type, tax implications, exit options, variable payments, and more.
Typical Assets Under Operating Leases
Common assets leased under operating leases include:
- Vehicles
- Equipment
- Real estate
- Aircraft
- IT hardware and software
These assets tend to have shorter lifecycles or be prone to obsolescence, making shorter-term operating leases advantageous.
Lease Term Lengths and Flexibility
Operating lease terms tend to be short to medium-term, like 3-5 years. This allows for more flexibility than longer term leases.
Benefits of shorter operating lease terms include:
- Ability to upgrade assets more frequently
- Not being locked into lengthy contracts if business needs change
- Lower risk if the asset becomes obsolete
Debt Consideration: Are Operating Leases Considered Debt?
No, operating leases have traditionally been treated as off-balance sheet financing. But new accounting standards require capitalization of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for many leases.
While operating leases don't show up as debt on the balance sheet, the lease payments are still a fixed expense that reduces cash flow available for other purposes over the term of the lease. So operating leases do impact finances and capacity to take on additional debt obligations.
Practical Examples of Operating Leases
This section will illustrate how operating leases work in the real world with examples.
Operating Lease Example in Real Estate
Many businesses use operating leases to rent commercial real estate like office spaces, retail stores, or warehouses. This allows them flexibility to change locations as needed without a long-term commitment.
Some key points of real estate operating leases:
- The business does not own the property, they simply pay rent to occupy it
- Lease terms tend to be shorter than financing terms, often 3-10 years
- Payments are expensed rather than capitalized, providing tax advantages
- It's easier to exit a lease if the business needs change locations
For example, a retail clothing store may sign a 5 year operating lease in a shopping mall. They make monthly rent payments to occupy the retail space. If sales decline or they want to open a new location, they can exit the lease without selling a property. The flexibility comes with the tradeoff that they don't build equity in the retail space itself.
Operating Lease Example in Transportation
Many companies also use operating leases for vehicles, trucks, construction equipment, aircrafts and other transportation. This allows them to acquire the transportation they need without large cash outlays.
Here are some details on transportation operating leases:
- The lessee pays predictable monthly payments to lease the asset
- Maintenance and insurance costs are bundled into the payments
- The lessee does not own the asset; they return it at the end of the lease
- Leases often include mileage restrictions and wear-and-tear clauses
For example, an airline may lease several new aircrafts from an airplane leasing company. This allows them to expand their fleet without spending large capital to purchase the planes themselves. They make monthly operating lease payments to use the aircrafts. At the end of the 5-10 year lease, the planes are returned rather than sold. This keeps costs flexible and assets liquid.
Operating Lease vs Capital Lease: Understanding the Distinctions
An operating lease is an agreement that allows a company to use an asset without taking ownership of it. The lessor retains ownership and is responsible for maintenance and insurance. At the end of the lease term, the asset is returned.
A capital lease, on the other hand, is essentially a financing arrangement that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. The lessee records the leased asset on its balance sheet.
Ownership and Financial Impact
The key difference between operating and capital leases lies in who retains ownership of the asset:
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Operating lease: The lessor retains ownership of the asset. The lessee does not record the leased asset on its balance sheet.
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Capital lease: Ownership of the asset is effectively transferred to the lessee. The lessee records the capitalized value of the leased asset on its balance sheet.
This difference in asset ownership has implications for financial reporting:
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Operating leases result in rental expenses on the income statement. They do not increase assets or liabilities on the balance sheet.
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Capital leases lead to depreciation expenses on the income statement. They also increase both assets and liabilities on the balance sheet.
In summary, operating leases provide more flexibility and have less impact on the balance sheet. Capital leases, on the other hand, are treated similarly to purchased assets.
Accounting Treatment: Operating Lease vs Capital Lease
The specific accounting treatment differs between operating and capital leases:
Operating Lease Accounting
- Lease payments are recorded as rental expenses on the income statement.
- Only the current lease liability is recorded on the balance sheet, as a footnote.
- Lease costs are fully expensed as paid. There is no depreciation expense.
Capital Lease Accounting
- The leased asset is treated as a purchased asset and recorded on the balance sheet.
- The lease liability is also recorded as a liability on the balance sheet.
- Lease payments are split into principal and interest portions. Interest is expensed on the income statement.
- The asset is depreciated over its useful life. Depreciation expense is recorded on the income statement.
When evaluating lease agreements, businesses should consider both the financial reporting impact as well as the optimal capital structure for their operating needs. Classifying leases appropriately is important for accurate financial statements.
Operating Lease vs Finance Lease Under IFRS 16
An operating lease is a lease agreement that does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. In contrast, a finance lease does transfer substantially all the risks and rewards to the lessee.
Recognition of Lease Liabilities and Assets
Under IFRS 16, operating leases are now recognized on the balance sheet. A right-of-use asset and a lease liability are recorded for operating leases.
The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The right-of-use asset is typically measured at the amount of the lease liability plus initial direct costs.
For finance leases, a lease receivable and residual asset are recognized by the lessor instead of a right-of-use asset. The accounting remains largely unchanged from the previous accounting standard IAS 17. Finance leases are considered similar to purchased assets for accounting purposes.
Impact on Financial Ratios and Statements
With operating leases now recognized on the balance sheet under IFRS 16, financial ratios and statements are impacted:
- Asset and liability amounts increase, affecting total asset turnover, debt ratios, and return on assets
- Operating profit increases as the operating lease cost is now split between depreciation and interest expense
- Operating cash flows increase and financing cash flows decrease due to lease payments now classified under financing activities
- No change for finance leases
The effects can be significant for companies with large portfolios of operating leases. Proper tracking and reporting are critical under the new standard.
Conclusion and Summary
In closing, operating leases allow simplified access to assets with less capital outlay. But lessees now recognize more costs on the balance sheet. Carefully weighing the pros and cons helps determine suitability.
Key Takeaways on Operating Leases
The key takeaways around operating leases are:
- They don't transfer ownership of the asset to the lessee
- Lease terms are typically short to medium term (3-5 years)
- Accounting changed under IFRS 16 and ASC 842, requiring more lease costs on the balance sheet
- Operating leases can provide financial flexibility if used strategically for short-term equipment needs
By understanding the definition, accounting, and differences between operating and finance leases, companies can make informed decisions on the best leasing options for their business. Evaluating the tradeoffs around lower monthly payments but higher balance sheet impact is key. Overall, operating leases serve an important role in providing accessible asset use without capital outlay.
